Floating Gate for Neural Network Inference

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented real-time visualization method, system, and computer program product including determining a current sentiment and a current state of a user from user data, creating at least one layer including at least one of an image and an animation based on at least one of an aggregation and a combination of the current sentiment and the current state of the user, and compiling the at least one layer into a single image or a single animation for display on an image display medium.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/285,925, filed on Feb. 26, 2019, which is aContinuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/718,078,filed on. Sep. 28, 2017 the entire contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to a floating gate setup methodapplicable on an non-volatile memory (NVM) floating gate, and moreparticularly, but not by way of limitation, to a system, method, andcomputer program product for setting up all of the weights (e.g., storedcharge and threshold value of floating gate) in the layers and also onother layers of the floating gate.

Neural Networks are the leading method to implement Machine learning andtraining for cognitive computing. Neural Networks can be implemented ata software level but more efficiently in hardware such as with a crossbar implementation with variable resistance as a weighting mechanism.Many type of weights have been proposed. None of the proposed weights isbest during training since they are not symmetric. However, forinference purposes, the weights need to be updated once and do not haveto be symmetric. Inference has to be cheap and low power to be installedin an end user system such as a smart phone, automotive,Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, camera, etc.

In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention can provide acomputer-implemented floating gate setup method on a floating gate, themethod including in an initial setup of weights for a floating gateincluding rows, columns, and a separate input line: comparing a currentweight to a desired weight, performing a feedback to the input line toset a voltage to change the floating gate FET VT and the current weight,and checking that the current weight is within a predetermined toleranceof the desired weight. One or more other exemplary embodiments include acomputer program product and a system.

Other details and embodiments of the invention will be described below,so that the present contribution to the art can be better appreciated.Nonetheless, the invention is not limited in its application to suchdetails, phraseology, terminology, illustrations and/or arrangements setforth in the description or shown in the drawings. Rather, the inventionis capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of beingpracticed and carried out in various ways that should not be regarded aslimiting.

As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptionupon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basisfor the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carryingout the several purposes of the present invention. It is important,therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalentconstructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope ofthe present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the invention will be better understood from the followingdetailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention withreference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 exemplarily shows a high-level flow chart for a floating gatesetup method 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 exemplarily depicts a circuit representing an input layeraccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts a cloud-computing node 10 according to an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 4 depicts a cloud-computing environment 50 according to anembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 depicts abstraction model layers according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1-5, inwhich like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. It isemphasized that, according to common practice, the various features ofthe drawings are not necessarily to scale. On the contrary, thedimensions of the various features can be arbitrarily expanded orreduced for clarity.

By way of introduction of the example depicted in FIG. 1, an embodimentof a floating gate setup method 100 according to the present inventioncan include various steps for using an NVM floating gate for inferencepurposes.

By way of introduction of the example depicted in FIG. 3, one or morecomputers of a computer system 12 according to an embodiment of thepresent invention can include a memory 28 having instructions stored ina storage system to perform the steps of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 2, input lines Z1-ZN include the inputs into thecircuit, X1-XN are the rows, Y1-YN are the columns, W_(oo)-W_(NO) arethe weights, and the circuit is connected to an analog to digital (A/D)converter, a central processing unit (CPU) to compare weight to adesired value and a D/A converter for a feedback to Zj to set voltage tochange floating gate field effect transistor (FET) VT and the weight.FIG. 2 exemplarily depicts a cross bar configuration for an analogmemory.

Referring generally to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, steps 101-107 correspond to aninitial weight setup for the circuit representing the input layer (i.e.,the floating gate) and steps 108-109 correspond to operation duringinference.

In step 101, lines X2, X3, and column lines Y2, Y3, and Y4 are floated.That is, there is no direct connection of rows and columns. This isperformed so that voltage V does not affect the structure. Then in step102, line Z1 is set to VDD. In step 103, a row read voltage is appliedto line X1 to read current from line Y1 and convert the current to adigital value. This is a floating gate value. Then, in step 104, thevalue of line Y1 is compared to a desired value and the voltage neededto be applied to Z1 to get desired weight is calculated. In step 105,that voltage is applied to line Z1, with lines X1, X2, X3, Y2-Y4 as somevoltage between line Z1 voltage and GND, and Y1 grounded. In step 106,step 105 is repeated until w00 has a desired weight (e.g., stored chargeand threshold voltage (VT) of the floating gate FET). In step 107, steps101-106 are repeated for all the weight in the layers and also on otherlayers.

In steps 108 and 109, during inference, all the input Zj lines are setto VDD and a desired value is input into the input layer of a neuralnetwork and the output from an output layer of neural network isobtained.

Thus, steps 101-109 can provide a floating gate for a neural networkwith a feedback loop, a floating gate for an analog memory storage for aneural network, and/or a stochastic pulse update on a floating gate.

Therefore, the embodiments described herein may provide a NVM Floatinggate that can be cheaply fabricated (same process used in Flash Memory),with low power, simple circuit implementation, and nonvolatile.

Exemplary Aspects, Using a Cloud Computing Environment

Although this detailed description includes an exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention in a cloud computing environment, it is to beunderstood that implementation of the teachings recited herein are notlimited to such a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments ofthe present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunctionwith any other type of distributed computing environment now known orlater developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as Follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client circuits through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a schematic of an example of a cloud computingnode is shown. Cloud computing node 10 is only one example of a suitablenode and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope ofuse or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein.Regardless, cloud computing node 10 is capable of being implementedand/or performing any of the functionality set forth herein.

Although cloud computing node 10 is depicted as a computer system/server12, it is understood to be operational with numerous other generalpurpose or special purpose computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computersystem/server 12 include, but are not limited to, personal computersystems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-heldor laptop circuits, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-basedsystems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloudcomputing environments that include any of the above systems orcircuits, and the like.

Computer system/server 12 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 12 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingcircuits that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage circuits.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a computer system/server 12 is shown in theform of a general-purpose computing circuit. The components of computersystem/server 12 may include, but are not limited to, one or moreprocessors or processing units 16, a system memory 28, and a bus 18 thatcouples various system components including system memory 28 toprocessor 16.

Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures,including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, anaccelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of avariety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation,such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and PeripheralComponent Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 12 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 12, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cachememory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 34 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media(not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, amagnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable,non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical diskdrive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile opticaldisk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided.In such instances, each can be connected to bus 18 by one or more datamedia interfaces. As will be further described below, memory 28 mayinclude a computer program product storing one or program modules 42comprising computer readable instructions configured to carry out one ormore features of the present invention.

Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42,may be stored in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may be adapted for implementation in anetworking environment. In some embodiments, program modules 42 areadapted to generally carry out one or more functions and/ormethodologies of the present invention.

Computer system/server 12 may also communicate with one or more externaldevices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing circuit, other peripherals,such as display 24, etc., and one or more components that facilitateinteraction with computer system/server 12. Such communication can occurvia Input/Output (I/O) interface 22, and/or any circuits (e.g., networkcard, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 12 to communicatewith one or more other computing circuits. For example, computersystem/server 12 can communicate with one or more networks such as alocal area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or apublic network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 20. As depicted,network adapter 20 communicates with the other components of computersystem/server 12 via bus 18. It should be understood that although notshown, other hardware and/or software components could be used inconjunction with computer system/server 12. Examples, include, but arenot limited to: microcode, circuit drivers, redundant processing units,external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archivalstorage systems, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 4, illustrative cloud computing environment 50 isdepicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one or morecloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing circuits used bycloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA)or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C,and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Nodes 10 maycommunicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community,Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows cloud computing environment 50 to offerinfrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingcircuit. It is understood that the types of computing circuits 54A-Nshown in FIG. 4 are intended to be illustrative only and that computingnodes 10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with anytype of computerized circuit over any type of network and/or networkaddressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary set of functional abstractionlayers provided by cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 4) is shown. Itshould be understood in advance that the components, layers, andfunctions shown in FIG. 5 are intended to be illustrative only andembodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, thefollowing layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and. softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62;servers 63; blade servers 64; storage circuits 65; and networks andnetworking components 66, In some embodiments, software componentsinclude network application server software 67 and database software 68.

Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual privatenetworks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtualclients 75.

In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement ofcomputing resources and other resources that are utilized to performtasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloudcomputing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management 84provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such thatrequired service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planningand fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of,cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipatedin accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtualclassroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94;transaction processing 95; and Floating gate setup method 100 inaccordance with the present invention.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product at any possible technical detail level of integration.The computer program product may include a computer readable storagemedium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereonfor causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), a Storage Area Network (SAN), a Network AttachedStorage (NAS) device, a Redundant Array of Independent Discs (RAID), anerasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a staticrandom access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory(CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a USB “thumb”drive, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raisedstructures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and anysuitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storagemedium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitorysignals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagatingelectromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through awaveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passingthrough a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted througha wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, oreither source code or object code written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The computer readable program instructions may execrateentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including,for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gatearrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute thecomputer readable program instructions by utilizing state information ofthe computer readable program instructions to personalize the electroniccircuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of theorder noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

Further, Applicant's intent is to encompass the equivalents of all claimelements, and no amendment to any claim of the present applicationshould be construed as a disclaimer of any interest in or right to anequivalent of any element or feature of the amended claim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A Floating gate setup system on a clusterenvironment, said system comprising: a processor; and a memory, thememory storing instructions to cause the processor to perform: in aninitial setup of weights for a floating gate including rows, columns,and a separate input line: comparing a current weight to a desiredweight; performing a feedback to the input line to set a voltage tochange the floating gate field effect transistor (FET) threshold voltage(VT) and the current weight; and checking that the current weight iswithin a predetermined tolerance of the desired weight; and performing astochastic pulse update on the floating gate based on the checking. 2.The system of claim 1, embodied in a cloud-computing environment.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, further comprising, in the initial setup of theweights, the weights are set by: floating a second row and a third row;floating a second column, a third column, and a fourth column; andsetting a first input line to a predetermined voltage (VDD).
 4. Thesystem of claim 3, further comprising, in the initial setup of theweights: reading the voltage applied to a first row to read a currentfrom the first column; and converting the voltage and the current to adigital value.
 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising, in theinitial setup of the weights: in the comparing, comparing the current ofthe first column to a desired value of current corresponding to thedesired weight to calculate a needed voltage to be applied to the inputline in the feedback to obtain the desired weight.
 6. The system ofclaim 5, further comprising, in the initial setup of the weights:applying the needed voltage to the input line, with the first row, thesecond row, the third row and the second column, the third column, andthe fourth column set as a different voltage between the input linevoltage and a second predetermined voltage (GND) with the first columngrounded.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein, in the initial setup of theweights, the applying is repeated until the desired weight is obtained.7. The system of claim 6, wherein, in the initial setup of the weights,each step is repeated for each of the weights in layers and on otherlayers of the floating gate, and also multiple parallel update of unitcell.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein, during inference, all the inputlines are set to the predetermined voltage (VDD) and the desired valueis input into an input layer of a neural network to obtain the outputfrom an output layer of neural network.